Antiphospholipid syndrome

Title

Other Names:

Familial antiphospholipid syndrome; Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; Lupus anticoagulant, familial; Familial antiphospholipid syndrome; Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; Lupus anticoagulant, familial; APS; Hughes syndrome See More

Categories:

Blood Diseases

Summary Summary

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder. Signs and symptoms vary, but may include blood clots, miscarriage, rash, chronic headaches, dementia, and seizures.^[1] APS occurs when your body's immune system makes antibodies that attack phospholipids. Phospholipids are a type of fat found in all living cells, including blood cells and the lining of blood vessels. Most cases of APS occur in people with no family history of the disorder, however there are rare cases of APS clustering in a family. A widely accepted explanation for APS is that it is caused by a combination of gene mutations (making one more susceptible to APS) and an environmental exposure (such as to a virus). Currently there is not a cure for APS. The goal of treatment is to prevent blood clots from forming and to keep existing clots from getting larger.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Last updated: 5/25/2016

Symptoms Symptoms

The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) provides the following list of features that have been reported in people with this condition. Much of the information in the HPO comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. If available, the list includes a rough estimate of how common a feature is (its frequency). Frequencies are based on a specific study and may not be representative of all studies. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary for definitions of the terms below.

Signs and Symptoms	Approximate number of patients (when available)
Arterial thrombosis	-
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia	-
Autosomal dominant inheritance	-
Venous thrombosis	-

Last updated: 7/1/2017

Cause Cause

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder. It occurs when your body's immune system makes antibodies that attack phospholipids (a type of fat found in living cells). The exact reason for this is not known. While APS is not passed through families in a predictable pattern, genetics are thought to play a role. A widely accepted explanation for APS is that it is caused by a combination of gene mutations (making one more susceptible to APS) and an environmental exposure (such as a viral infection).^[2]^[3]^[4]

Research has found a few gene changes that occur in people with APS, however the contribution of these genetic changes to the development of the condition is unclear.^[5] Little is known about specific environmental triggers. Known risk factors include female sex and having other autoimmune-type disorders (such as Lupus).^[4]

Some people have APS antibodies, but have no signs or symptoms. These people are also at an increased risk for APS. In these cases, APS symptoms (for example blood clots) can be triggered by smoking, prolonged bed rest, pregnancy and the postpartum period, birth control pills, hormone therapy, cancer, and kidney disease.^[3]

Last updated: 5/25/2016

Treatment Treatment

The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional.

Management Guidelines

Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety.

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Research Research

Research helps us better understand diseases and can lead to advances in diagnosis and treatment. This section provides resources to help you learn about medical research and ways to get involved.

Clinical Research Resources

ClinicalTrials.gov lists trials that are studying or have studied Antiphospholipid syndrome. Click on the link to go to ClinicalTrials.gov to read descriptions of these studies.

Please note: Studies listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website are listed for informational purposes only; being listed does not reflect an endorsement by GARD or the NIH. We strongly recommend that you talk with a trusted healthcare provider before choosing to participate in any clinical study.

Organizations Organizations

Nonprofit support and advocacy groups bring together patients, families, medical professionals, and researchers. These groups often raise awareness, provide support, and develop patient-centered information. Many are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct people to research, resources, and services. Many groups also have experts who serve as medical advisors. Visit their website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.

Organizations Supporting this Disease

APS Foundation of America, Inc.
P. O. Box 801
LaCrosse, WI 54602-0801
Telephone: 608-782-2626
Fax: 608-782-6569
E-mail: http://www.apsfa.org/contact.htm
Website: http://www.apsfa.org/
APS Support UK
The Orchard
White Hart Lande
Basingstoke
Hampshire
RG21 4AF
United Kingdom
Telephone: 0300 323 9943
E-mail: info@aps-support.org.uk
Website: http://www.aps-support.org.uk/
Lupus Foundation of America
2121 K Street, N.W.
Suite 200
Washington, DC 20037
Toll-free: 800-558-0121
Telephone: 202-349-1155
Fax: 202-349-1156
E-mail: info@lupus.org
Website: http://www.lupus.org/
National Blood Clot Alliance
8321 Old Courthouse Road
Suite 255
Vienna, VA 22182
Toll-free: 877-466-2568
Telephone: 703-935-8845
E-mail: info@stoptheclot.org
Website: http://stoptheclot.org/
Vascular Cures
555 Price Avenue
Suite 180
Redwood City, CA 94063
Telephone: 650.368.6022
E-mail: info@vascularcures.org
Website: http://www.vasculardisease.org/

Organizations Providing General Support

American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA)
22100 Gratiot Avenue
Eastpointe, MI 48021
Toll-free: 800-598-4668
Telephone: 586-776-3900
Fax: 586-776-3903
E-mail: aarda@aarda.org
Website: https://www.aarda.org/

Do you know of an organization? Send us your suggestions.

Living With Living With

Living with a genetic or rare disease can impact the daily lives of patients and families. These resources can help families navigate various aspects of living with a rare disease.

Genetics Resources

To find a medical professional who specializes in genetics, you can ask your doctor for a referral or you can search for one yourself. Online directories are provided by GeneTests, the American College of Medical Genetics, and the National Society of Genetic Counselors. If you need additional help, contact a GARD Information Specialist. You can also learn more about genetic consultations from Genetics Home Reference.

Learn More Learn More

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

Where to Start

Genetics Home Reference contains information on Antiphospholipid syndrome. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
The Lupus Foundation of America has an information page on lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies. Click on Lupus Foundation of America to view the information page.
The March of Dimes has an information page on thrombophilia and pregnancy.
The MayoClinic.com has a information page on antiphospholipid syndrome. Click on MayoClinic.com to view the information page.
The National Human Genome Research Institute's (NHGRI) website has an information page on this topic. NHGRI is part of the National Institutes of Health and supports research on the structure and function of the human genome and its role in health and disease.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) collects and disseminates research information related to neurological disorders. Click on the link to view information on this topic.
The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) has a report for patients and families about this condition. NORD is a patient advocacy organization for individuals with rare diseases and the organizations that serve them.

In-Depth Information

Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
MeSH® (Medical Subject Headings) is a terminology tool used by the National Library of Medicine. Click on the link to view information on this topic.
The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Antiphospholipid syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

Related Diseases Related Diseases

The following diseases are related to Antiphospholipid syndrome. If you have a question about any of these diseases, you can contact GARD.

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome

GARD Answers GARD Answers

Questions sent to GARD may be posted here if the information could be helpful to others. We remove all identifying information when posting a question to protect your privacy. If you do not want your question posted, please let us know. Submit a new question

My question is: Epilepsy and Protein S Deficiency are they auto-immune disorders? See answer
Can you provide me with the latest figures for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome in the United States and in the United Kingdom, as well as the percentage of the world population affected by this condition?
See answer
Have there been any trials involving plasma exchange to treat antiphospholipid antibody syndrome? Have any benefits or pitfalls been identified? See answer
Can lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and ITP antibodies occur together? How is this treated? See answer

Have a question? Contact a GARD Information Specialist.

References References

NINDS Antiphospholipid Syndrome Information Page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. June 30, 2015; https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Antiphospholipid-Syndrome-Information-Page.
How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Diagnosed?. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. May 17, 2012; https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aps/diagnosis.
Who Is at Risk for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. May 17, 2012; http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aps/atrisk.
Schur PH. Pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. UpToDate. September 18, 2014; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-the-antiphospholipid-syndrome.
Learning About Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). December 15, 2010; http://www.genome.gov/17516396.
Movva S. Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Medscape Reference. March 24, 2015; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview.